Intermediate·Conditions·4 min read
Understanding Acne: Causes and What Helps
The four drivers of acne, which ingredients have real evidence, and the patience the process genuinely requires.
Acne is not a hygiene problem and it is rarely about a single cause. It emerges from four overlapping factors, which is why a one-ingredient fix usually disappoints.
The four drivers
- Excess oil (sebum), often hormonally driven.
- Clogged pores, where dead cells and oil form a plug — this is where comedogenic ingredients can contribute.
- Bacteria (C. acnes) that thrive in clogged, oil-rich pores.
- Inflammation, which turns a clog into a red, tender spot.
Ingredients with real evidence
- Salicylic acid () — oil-soluble, so it works inside pores. Good for blackheads and whiteheads.
- Benzoyl peroxide — reduces C. acnes and inflammation; one of the best-evidenced over-the-counter actives.
- Topical retinoids — normalise turnover so pores clog less; strong evidence for both acne and aging.
- — helps with oil regulation and redness, and is gentle enough to pair with the above.
Frequently asked
For some people, high-glycaemic diets and possibly skim dairy are associated with more breakouts. The effect varies between individuals.
Knowledge check
0 / 2 correct1. Which is NOT one of the four drivers of acne?
2. Why does salicylic acid suit acne-prone skin?
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